| One may ask why is it important that we learn how to speak English in our schools? After all we live in a region of non-English speaking countries. Would it not be better perhaps to learn the languages more commonly spoken in our part of the world? In fact the most populous country in the world is China which accounts for more than fifty per cent of the world's population. the Chinese people don't speak English but rather Mandarin or their individual dialects. The answer would be that traditionally the cultures of the world have come to be. broadly classified into two groups the Western and the Eastern cultures. English has come to represent the means of communication in the West. With more and more gateways being opened to Asia it is imperative that one language be adopted to suit our needs. As the people of Asia speak a diverse variety of languages it would appear that English would be the logical choice. In Singapore, English is the National Language in a country with a mixture of races. Singapore is also a focal point for trade with the West in this part of the world. English is taught as a language in our schools to reflect it's importance in our society. If this were not so, there is a good likelihood that in time the strong influence of individual cultures here would result in people only being well versed in their mother tongues. However Singapore being a former British Colony and the present education policy have seen to it that most Singaporeans are bi-lingual, that is able to speak English as well as their mother tongues. Another factor which has promoted the use of English as a medium of communication here in Singapore is the rather significant expatriate community here. The process of globalization is not restricted to trade alone but also covers all aspects of our life. The important thing to remember however is that we should not sacrifice or compromise on our unique cultural identity in order to keep up with the pace of globalization.
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2017年12月13日星期三
English : Why it is important to study the language
The dream I never forget
| One of the human faculties which distinguishes him from others is that he is able to dream. However, one is not sure whether other animals dream; if at all they dream they have no medium to express it is just as the human. Every human being should have had dreams, some of them very pleasant, some of them bizarre and horrible; in the latter case a few have a hell of a life and they call it the nightmare. In a nightmare one may feel as if he is being choked or being drowned. In a dream one feels all one does in wakeful hours, only the body does not move. Sometimes limbs may be moved and people have been seen to beat down their hands. Some cry and laugh, some shiver and weep. So dream is in a sense a semi-conscious state between sound sleep and wakefulness. It should be interesting to know how dreams are caused but there are no valid theories. One thing is sure that something has been built up in the inner recesser of brains which get active accumulating concomitant interests. Very strange things appear in dreams for which there is no valid explanation. One thing is clear; some nerve center is stimulated, how God only knows, as a result many other nerve centers get into operation bringing in a chain of experiences. Things move fast and clear as on a cine screen and the subject taking part in it. The ancient belief was that some dreams foreshadowed the coming events. How far it is scientific we cannot say. Shakespeare uses dreams in his plays; for example in the play Macbeth. I too dream and had one recently, which may be of interest. I become a ruler of my country. Suddenly I find myself at the head of a procession, to be correct it is a motorcade and I am in a Cadillac. Huge crowds, men and women and children all in their fine dress line the route through which I am taken. There are victory arches and flags and festoons. Photo flashes burst and hundreds of photographers take pictures of mine. At last I enter a massive mansion; the guards present me the honor. I am taken by well dressed courtiers to the throne. The reception hall is big and spacious; there are glittering windows and doors, and colorful chandeliers are hung from high roof. Colored light beams into the hall as sunlight filters itself into the hall thorough stained glass panes. As soon as I sit on the throne, the courtiers cry 'long live the King'. Then a man approaches me; he may be the chief minister. He tells me respectfully that I must announce my concessions to the people who eagerly wait to hear me speak. I am a bit nervous at first but get over it soon. I tell them that the old system of paying one sixth of one's income as tax will come into use. I add that the tax may be paid in kind. I announce that there won't be any admission fee to go into theaters and the Government itself will run all the theaters and only healthy films will be exhibited. At one stroke I abolish child labor and education of children will be completely manned by the Government. I make it known that every town and village will have a play field where the young can play and the old can relax. The production of milk in the country would be stepped up so that everybody gets enough milk. I exhort the youth to develop robust health and sharpen their intelligence. This dream did not continue long as my alarm clock began chiming, and it was time for me to get up and study. The sweet dream vanished like the snow before the morning sun but that was the best dream I ever had.
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The career I would like to choose
| I believe that in this day and age when competition is rife among young people to get ahead in life, it is important to get an early start. One should know what one wishes to do with one's life. To this end it is wise to seek advice from one's elders as well as to research the areas of work you might have an interest in, inclination or aptitude for. The idea is to be exposed to as many views as possible. Professional counselling or 'Career Days' may be helpful in this regard. I am fortunate I suppose in that I am reasonably certain what I want to do with my life. I wish to. be a lawyer for I believe it to be a noble and dignified profession. It affords one the opportunity to be of help to others. To a large extent my uncle, who is a lawyer, is responsible for my choice of careers. My uncle has been practising law for the last twenty years and I find him to be knowledgeable in a great many things. My uncle is always fond of saying that a lawyer's trade always involves him having to know about what other people do as well. To put it another way my uncle may be described as a 'Jack of all trades'. Acting on his advice and that of my parents I have decided to work very hard in school so ultimately I will obtain results that are good enough for me to enter the National University. I will have to work hard as places for this course are limited and also much sought after. At the moment however in Singapore there are a rather large number of lawyers and not everyone has a chance to work in the area he or she has trained for. This does not discourage me although it is a source for some concern for my parents. I am planning to take subjects in school that will be suited for my intended course of study in university. Although some may say that it is still much too early for me to narrow my choices or options in this way, I am committed to my goal. Click here to lauch more sample english essays : http://www.englishdaily626.com/ (source) | |||
Keeping fit
| A sick man is a nuisance for himself and a nuisance for others about him. A sick person cannot go about his duties efficiently. He will not be able to work hard and he may not be mentally alert also. If he is regularly sick others will suffer in many ways. Indirectly it is a strain on the government because it will have to run more hospitals for the sick. Economically a nation whose people are often sick cannot be strong because the hours of work will suffer. Look at the Europeans and the Japanese. They are hardy and are capable of longer hours of work, which means more wealth to the nation. That is why even after being beaten in a devastating war Germany and Japan have become rich nations once again within a period of thirty years. Of course climate may be one reason why certain people are not keeping fit. It may be due to hot moist climate, or mosquitoes and other pests. But where man cannot improve upon natural causes he can try to keep himself fit by trying overcome them. For instance by eradicating malaria, one can be healthy in such areas where malaria was once prevalent. Let us now look into the ways of keeping fit. First and foremost is the diet. Unless one takes a proper, balanced and nutritious diet one cannot be healthy. It is said that a large part of the population in the third world suffers from malnutrition which means wrong diet as well as insufficient diet. While this may sound a social problem, it is also an individual problem. One must take care what he eats and how he eats. One must plan to diet in such a way that it is well balanced, meaning it should contain the necessary quantity of proteins, carbohydrates, fats, minerals, vitamins and so on. He must keep his surroundings clean and neat, which is called environmental sanitation. He must be regular in his personal habits like answering calls of nature, bathing and so on. Even one's clothing contributes to keeping fit. Keep fit also means how a man lives, his hours of work, his sleep, rest and relaxation. While everyone has to work to deserve his food, it should not be all work. There must be hours of relaxation. It may be some reading, playing with children, taking a stroll or taking up a healthy hobby. Hobbies play a major role in keeping one fit. The mental attitude also is greatly responsible for keeping fit. One must take to work like a fish to the water. One must be swinging like a wheel in his work. Work can be play and play can be work. So if one were to take to his work cheerfully then no worry about his keeping fit. Laziness, envy and jealously are some of the reasons which make one hate his work, and in the long run he becomes unfit. To keep fit some physical exercise is necessary. This may be according to the age of the person. Some out-door exercises like running, jumping, swimming or climbing are for the hardy youth. Walking and jogging are good for the old. Some fruitful occupation like gardening may give the required physical exercise but also contributes to the mental satisfaction. Above all, to keep fit depends on one's attitude towards life. If one can accept success and defeat equally then one is said to be a fit person. Even choosing company may contribute to keeping fit. Finally it means to avoid bad habits like smoking, drinking, doping and so on. One must be warned against these as they make holes in one's pocket as well ruin one's health. Click here to lauch more sample english essays : http://www.englishdaily626.com/ (source) |
Precious water
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2017年12月8日星期五
How to make your life successful
| What we call life is a very complex affair. It is not simply eating, reproducing and finally dying. Every creature does these. But in the case of man he has to lead a highly complicated life. It is like going through a maze and coming out. He is an economic being and a social animal. He has to earn, make a home, look after his people, attend to his obligations to the society and the Government. So in order to be successful, in all these, he has to develop certain qualities. What do we mean by saying a man is successful? If in his occupation he can do satisfactorily both for himself and others then he is successful. He must be able to look after his people and bring up good children. If he becomes a professional man like an engineer, doctor or lawyer, making money should not be the only criterion; he must also be able to satisfy his clients and be honest at it. In order to be successful one should develop certain qualities. At first he must realize his purpose; in other words what he would like to be. This is the crux of the problem, for the choice does not come to him. Parents decide it very often for them. Let us suppose he decides to be somebody in his life. Once having decided he must work for attaining certain standard in that line. Only hard work would make him fit for the job. It is rightly said that it is 5% inspiration and 95% perspiration. One must deserve before desiring. One must remember one's education does not stop with the school or college. it is a life long process. Professional people must keep themselves up to date. Then one must get on with others. In the chess board of life one may find himself in any position; it may be the all powerful queen or simply a pawn. It must be remembered that given the chance, even a pawn can destroy a queen. This means in a complex society, everyone finds oneself in a particular position; there may be some above and some below. One need not be favoring and flattering those above and be arrogant with those below. "What can I do for you' is the correct attitude and having done it go about your duty. In getting on with others sweet temperament is really an asset; then only others will like to transact with one. One must not be easily irritable nor give irritants to others. Then one must be reliable. One may be clever but if he is not reliable, he cannot achieve success in a great measure because others will have very little to do with him. Another important quality that would make up for success is doing things then and there. Procrastination is the thief of time. Postponement of doing things means swelling of work for the next day. A small chink may be easily closed today but tomorrow it may be late. If we analyze the life of successful people we could easily see they have been through and never postponed doing things. Still another quality is not to argue. The other may be really wrong. By pointing out that he has been wrong you are not going to improve matters, on the other hand you can help him correct. Arguing not only takes away precious time but also causes irritations. Especially one's superior may not like situation something like this. 'You may be right, sir', or 'This is all right', but 'what about our alternative' and so on. One must be capable of learning from experience. One must be able to learn from the mistakes of others. Only when nations and individuals fail to learn from the past mistakes, they are ruined. History is replete with examples. Click here to lauch more sample english essays : http://www.englishdaily626.com/ (source) |
Obedience to parents and elders
| To be obedient is to obey the orders of one's elders and superiors. There cannot be order unless there is obedience. One has to obey the laws of the country, otherwise the society cannot exist. The laws may be irksome, but, for the overall good of the law one must obey them. For instance, the laws to be obeyed on the road ensures road safety. The laws pertaining to property help society continue without hitches and hindrances. Even in our body our limbs obey the commands of the brains unless they are diseased. Obedience is essential for the enforcement of order. Obedience includes obedience to one's parents and elders. Parents are the best well wishers of their children. From their experience, they know what is good for their children. They would never mean ill for them. For the sake of the well being of the children, parents insist on obedience. Obedient children grow into fine children. They are not only loved by their parents but also by others connected with the household and by the neighbours. When children obey parents they are happy. Circumstances as they may be, parents may set certain norms. Children may not understand their implications, but if they obey, very often they will steer of dangers. For instance, the parent may warn his son of bad company. If the son obeys, he will grow unscathed. The parents may insist on personal cleanliness, keeping things neat and tidy, being regular in studies and so on and so forth. If the boy or girl obeys the parents in such and other things, he or she will surely grow into a finer one. Of course the parents' example may be forceful enough. If the parent shows how he is obedient, the son will naturally be obedient. There cannot be a better story than Casabianca on the deck. The father had asked the boy not to leave the deck until the parent returned. The ship was on fire, the father was dead and other sailors asked Casabianca to leave the deck and escape for life. But the boy would not leave, for father had asked him not to. The fate of the boy could be conceived but Casabianca has become immortal because he obeyed his father. Being obedient to parents and elders will have to be followed in life. An obedient servant is always liked and respected. But for the unquestioning obedience of servants big establishments cannot be run. Unless one knows the value of obedience and has been practising it, suddenly he cannot become obedient. Servants who are obedient are preferred to clever ones. One may argue that blind obedience won't do good. Where one can prove the other is wrong, strict obedience can be waived. This happened sometimes; a junior may have a brilliant idea and without infraction of obedience he may put up his idea in the appropriate manner. Obedience, just like charity must begin at home. Parents have a duty in bringing up children to be obedient and loving. Click here to lauch more sample english essays : http://www.englishdaily626.com/ (source) |
The pleasures of reading
| Animals may have moments of pleasure but only man has got a lot to do with it. It is through our sense organs that we enjoy pleasure. The sense of smell, sight, hearing, touch and taste each brings pleasure. Even the baby as soon as it is born feels the pleasure of sucking and the comfort of being cuddled in the wads of cloth in the mother's lap. But for the pleasing smell we will not be able to enjoy our food. We are thrilled by the sight of ice capped mountains or the roaring water falls of the Niagara. So they are the senses that help us to get pleasure. There is no end to the sources of pleasure. But reading for pleasure belongs to a higher order and stands as a category by itself. While external things bring pleasure to the sense organs, reading brings pleasure to the mind. Greater the mind is cultured, greater will be the derived from reading for reading makes a full man. Reading is the end product of writing. Unless there is something written one cannot read. So good writing is a concomitant of reading. Man alone can write, in other words put his ideas in black and white. In fact even before printing came into being man was writing and it is as old as modern civilization. Man can preserve his thoughts and ideas through writing. Thus the whole world of literature is there far one to read. Now reading material is available for all tastes. A scholar may go through serious writing for the sake of enriching his knowledge. Another may read a magazine or a picture book for whiling away the time. One chooses the reading material according to his moods, his literary background, the time at his disposal and the purpose if any. A teenager may like stories of romance and an old man may prefer books on philosophy and religion. Some gifted with imagination and the faculty to reflect may read poetry. One who takes pleasure in reading always tries to build his library. Very often a good library may serve the purpose. The greatest advantage in reading is when one comes across great minds. Whether you agree with what is there to read or do not agree there will not be any quarrel. You may pronounce your judgement on the writer. There will be no harm if your judgment is silent and not published. Given the proper atmosphere like a good silent place, soft light and comfortable seat, one can read and read and enjoy it. There are great masters of writing in all great languages of the world. English Language abounds in such great authors. Again it may be poetry, novel, fiction, drama, travelogue, and letters. Biographies and autobiographies, form a sizable part. In these days of rush good magazines supply the material for reading. For example, one may cite the Reader's Digest. In order to enjoy reading, one must cultivate that habit. Reading is not the 'be all' and `end all' of life. Yet, it can be ennobling. There is dignity in reading habit. Click here to lauch more sample english essays : http://www.englishdaily626.com/ (source) |
Computer and their uses
| Perhaps the single greatest invention of the century is the computer. The computer is essentially a machine that enables humans to complete tasks that may be time consuming or very repetitive in nature. This it achieves by imitating human thought processes. In much the same way that humans think using pathways in their brains that conduct minute electrical currents, computers too use tiny electrical circuits which tell it what to do. The difference being that computers do this at incredible speeds. In this modern age man has grown to be heavily dependent on computers to carry out all kinds of jobs that were done manually before. In banking for example computers allow for millions of transactions to be carried out involving large sums of money which would otherwise require thousands of bank tellers. Computers do the job in a much shorter time and practically free of any errors. Computers are responsible for air traffic control and the running of trains to ensure that travel is made as smooth as possible. In factories nowadays computers operate mechanical devices that produce goods we require for everyday living, in such quantities that would be otherwise impossible to achieve if these factories were run by humans alone. Perhaps the greatest advancements have been made in the field of communications. All of us are by now familiar with the 'Internet'. The internet is a collection of computer systems and individual terminals linked up worldwide through telephone lines and other channels. It offers a cheaper alternative to communicating with people within a country and internationally through computers. It has also been described as an immense pool of knowledge just waiting for applications it has given rise to a new means for countries to carry on trade with each other through 'E-Commerce'. It must however be kept in mind that as useful as computers are. They are not capable of independent thought and still require human input. In recent times scientists have developed' Artificial Intelligence' in computers that may enable them to function independently of man in the future. Click here to lauch more sample english essays : http://www.englishdaily626.com/ (source) |
Road Safety
Why think of road safety at all? It is because of the accidents that occur everyday on the road, in which all sorts of vehicles and human beings and even animal are involved. These accidents mean loss of life and loss of property and more often than not obstruction to traffic. In this age of speed and fast moving vehicles and with the congestion on roads, these accidents have became almost an everyday affair. So unless everybody is educated on the importance of road safety, the loss and the sorry spectacles cannot be avoided.
Prevention is better than cure. This holds good even in the matter of road accidents. Accidents are due to many causes and may occur under different circumstances. The simplest but at the same time dangerous perhaps is people slipping down on the road caused by an orange or a banana peel. Without meaning any harm, quite innocently a person may throw away the orange peel or the banana skin on the road or the sidewalk.
When a person, walking briskly, steps on, it he or she will slip down ending in fracture of bones and sometimes even more dangerous than that. So people must take care they do not throw the pealings on the road but should deposit them in a dust-bin. In some countries the offenders are severely punished. The second cause of accident is due to careless crossing in busy roads. While crossing one must look to the right and left for moving vehicles and then cross.
Where there are Zebra crossings on the road for the pedestrians to cross, one should cross along them. One should keep to the margin of the road while walking and the vehicles must keep to their lanes in busy streets.
In the case of accidents involving vehicles there are many causes. One is trying to overtake and very often taking risk. Another is wrong judgment in crossing. Sometimes it may be not caring for the signals. In crowded streets accidents may take place in a snap second because one does not care for the signal. "Stop, look and go" is the best precept; it will save vehicles from accidents. But where one takes a foolish step, the result is the inevitable accident. Jay riding may be another cause. Riding two or three abreast is always dangerous. Especially one must be aware of this. Scooter riders become victims of road accidents. But if they just wear the helmet as required by law they could easily avoid fracture and hence death.
Very often the cause of accidents is the failure of the brake system which means the owner of the vehicle does not bother to keep the machine in good condition. By attending to the vehicle regularly a lot of miseries could be avoided.
Road safety is a matter of education in which the school can play a significant role. Through scouting, Red Cross and social education classes, children can be taught the importance of observing the rules of the road. Children must be taught their limbs and lives are very valuable and they must not take risk, especially when leaving the school. As soon as the bell goes children rush out and accidents do happen. Under the circumstances the teachers must feel it their duty to regulate the traffic near the school. The police can cooperate with the school in this respect.
To make the people road conscious, the mass media can play a useful role. The newspaper, the wall poster and the cinema and now the TV come in handy. Shots in the cinema or TV emphasizing the importance of road safety can be highlighted. There may be speeches over the radio by the police officials. During peak hours in crowded areas, the police may direct the traffic and ask people to keep to their lanes.
Click here to lauch more sample english essays : http://www.englishdaily626.com/ (source) |
Karangan STPM - Kepentingan kawalan media sosial Internet
Ada cadangan daripada pihak tertentu agar media sosial di negara ini dikawal oleh pihak berkuasa. Sejauh manakah anda bersetuju dengan cadangan di atas? Bincangkan.
Mutakhir ini, Internet dan teknologi maklumat berkembang dengan pesat sehingga menyebabkan pelbagai bentuk media sosial tumbuh bagai cendawan selepas hujan. Hal ini menimbulkan banyak kesan, termasuk yang negatif. Atas sebab itulah, maka ada cadangan agar media tersebut dikawal oleh pihak kerajaan. Saya berpendapat bahawa media tersebut memang wajar dikawal tetapi tidaklah sehingga menghapuskan minat orang ramai untuk menggunakannya. Dengan itu, kata-kata tersebut menjadi mukadimah perbincangan isu ini selanjutnya.
Pada pendapat saya, media sosial harus dikawal oleh pihak berkuasa. Pertama, pengawalan perlu dibuat untuk menyekat penyebaran maklumat palsu atau fitnah oleh mereka yang tidak bertanggungjawab. Sebagai contohnya, negara kita pernah digemparkan dengan satu berita percerian yang berlaku dalam akaun facebook. Hal ini telah mendapat kritikan daripada majoriti rakyat Malaysia yang menyifatkan bahawa perbuatan sedemikian amat memalukan kita kerana telah mencemarkan keluhuran peribadi sebagai penganunt agama Islam. Jika dibiarkan, senario ini boleh menyebabkan menjadi huru-hara sehingga dapat menjejaskan ketenteraman negara. Ringkasnya, kawalan media sosial perlu dilakukan supaya maklumat palsu dan fitnah tidak dapat disebarkan lagi.
Namun demikian, sekatan atau kawalan juga perlu dibuat untuk mengurangkan pemupukan sifat negatif dalam kalangan segelintir pengguna Internet. Ada pengguna Internet yang menjadikan media sosial untuk menunjuk-nunjuk kemewahan dan keistimewaan yang dimiliki oleh mereka kepada orang lain. Hal ini dapat menarik perhatian daripada golongan yang berniat untuk melakukan kes jenayah seperti kes penculikan. Golongan tersebut boleh mendapatkan maklumat mangsa melalui media sosial yang telah dipaparkan oleh mereka itu sendiri. Keeadaan ini bukan sahaja akan menyebabkan keselamatan diri terancam tetapi boleh menimbulkan sikap riak dan angkuh yag boleh menyebabkan hubungan yang tidak harmoni antara sesama manusia. Jelaslah bahawa kawalan media sosial harus dilakukan untuk menjamin keamanan masyarakat sejagat.
Pengawalan juga patut dilakukan untuk mengurangkan berlakunya penipuan maya. Kita sering mendengar berita tentang kes mereka yang tertipu sehingga beratus-ratus ribu ringgit hanya disebabkan penipuan oleh pihak tertentu yang mahu mengambil kesempatan daripada kejahilan dan kelalaian pengguna Internet. Amsalnya, pengguna Internet menjalankan perniagaan atas talian melalui aplikasi yang popular untuk menarik pengguna yang kurang berpengetahuan dalam konteks ini dan akhirnya mereka melakukan pelbagai tipu helah untuk memperdaya pengguna kemudiannya mengaut keuntungan daripada mereka. Sememangnya, kita haruslah mengelakkan diri daripada menjalankan urus niaga dengan kaedah yang tidak melengkapi seperti peniaga dan pembeli tidak bertemu secara langsung. Deduksinya, kawalan media sosial amat diperlukan untuk mengurangkan kes penipuan di negara kita.
Walakin begitu, kawalan harus ada batasnya kerana kawalan yang keterlaluan akan menyebabkan perkara yang berikut. Kawalan yang berlebihan boleh menyebabkan kemarahan dan ketidakpuasan hati pengguna Internet. Pada hakikatnya, Internet merupakan satu bentuk kebebasan berhubungan antara sesama manusia. Jika kebebasan itu dikawal, maka erti ‘’Internet’’ yang sebenar sudah terhakis. Mereka mungkin bertindak secara tidak rasional bagi melahirkan ketidakpuasan hati mereka. Hal ini akan mencetuskan ketidaktenteraman akibat pengguna Internet melepaskan perasaan ngeram dan melakukan bantahan secara berkumpulan dalam media sosial. Izharnya, kawalan media sosial patut dilakukan tetapi tidak boleh melepasi had tertentu.
Sementara itu, ruang untuk mereka yang menggunakan Internet, khususnya media sosial secara positif mungkin akan terjejas. Dengan adanya kawalan, pengguna Internet tidak lagi sebebas dahulu, malah sesetengahnya mungkin kehilangan kreativiti dalam pemanfaatan Internet. Bukan itu sahaja, hak mereka untuk berkongsi sesuatu juga akan terjejas. Mereka tidak berpeluang untuk mengarang novel dan berkongsi cerita menarik dalam media sosial. Natijahnya, media sosial kian dipinggirkan dan penggunaannya semakin berkurang di negara kita. Sudah terang lagi bersuluh bahawa kawalan media sosial perlu dijalankan melalui cara yang sesuai supaya hak pengguna Internet terjamin.
Walhasil, ada syurga ada nerak, ada panas ada sejuk, ada siang ada malam, dan begitulah juga media sosial pastinya mempunyai kebaikan dan keburukan. Kebebasan media sosial hanya memerlukan pemantauan daripada pihak berkuasa. Namun, kawalan yang ketat tidak sewajarnya dilakukan. Sebaliknya, penguatkuasaan undang-undang yang sedia ada difikirkan dapat membantu kita mengelakkan perkara-perkara negatif daripada terus tersiar dalam media sosial. Oleh hal yang demikian, semua anak watan Malaysia perlu berfikir matang sebelum melakukan sesuatu terutamanya dalam media sosial kerana sesal dahulu pendapatan, sesal kemudian tidak berguna.
2017年9月23日星期六
SPM 中国文学2017年总复习
姓名：____________班级：
1.第一课《鱼我所欲也》
舍生取义：有羞耻心，自觉地保护善心，认为正义比生命更重要，不干苟且偷生的事，厌恶的东西有比死亡更厉害的，遇到祸害也不躲避，即使死也不做不义的事，品德高尚，
见利忘义：苟且偷生，经不起利欲的诱惑而失去本心，不辨礼义接受优厚俸禄，为了住宅华丽、妻妾侍奉、熟识穷人的感激，贪求富贵，生命受到考验时会做出让人不齿的事
《鱼我所欲也》的中心论点如何提出？“非独贤者有是心，人皆有之，贤者能勿丧耳”又有什么意图？
《鱼我所欲也》的中心论点是“生，亦我所欲也；义，亦我所欲也。二者不可得兼，舍生而取义者也”（1）作者用“鱼”和“熊掌”来比喻“生命”和“正义”（1），鱼低贱，熊掌珍贵，价值不同（1）。当二者不能同时得到时，必然舍弃鱼而选择熊掌（1），生命和正义价值也不同，正义比生命更重要（1），必然舍弃生命。这里运用了类比推理（1），提出了“舍生取义”的中心论点。作者强调人人都有羞耻心和向善的心（1），帮助人们在“义”和“不义”之间做出正确的选择（1）。但有些人却因经不起诱惑，丧失了善心，做出见利忘义的事（1）。那些敢于坚守正义的贤者，不是品德比较高尚，而是能够自觉保护和发扬这种善心而已（1）。
2.第二课《烛之武退秦师》（翻译或问答都读这个部分）
晋文公为什么不愿向秦军进攻？
子犯 请 击 之。
|
子犯 请求 攻击 秦军。
|
公曰：“不可。
|
晋文公说：“不可以（这样做）。
|
微 夫 人之力不及 此。
|
假如没有 那个 人的力量（支持），我是不会到 今天这个地步的。
|
因 人之力 而敝之，不仁；
|
依靠别人的力量，却反过来损害他，这是不仁义的；
|
失其所 与，不 知；
|
失去自己结交的同盟者，这是不明智的；
|
以 乱易整，不武。
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用 混乱相攻代替联合一致，这是不勇武的。
|
吾其 还 也。”
|
我们还是 回去吧。”
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亦去 之。
|
（于是晋国）也撤兵离开 郑国了。
|
赏析评点：这段写晋国撤兵，郑国的危机得以化解。
| |
3.第三课《冯谖客孟尝君》（问答或翻译都读这个部分）
齐人有冯谖(xuān)者，
|
齐国有一个名叫冯谖的人，
| |
贫乏不能自存，
|
穷得没法养活自己，
| |
使人属(zhǔ)孟尝君，
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便托人请求孟尝君，
| |
愿 寄食 门下。
|
说他愿意 在孟尝君家里 当个食客
| |
孟尝君曰：“客 何 好？”
|
孟尝君问：“客人 有 什么 爱好？”
| |
曰：“客无好也。”
|
受委托的人回答说：“他没有什么爱好。”
| |
曰：“客何能？”
|
孟尝君又问：“客人/他 有什么 才能？”
| |
曰：“客无 能也。”
|
那人回答说：“他没有什么才能。”
| |
孟尝君笑而受 之曰：“诺！”
|
孟尝君笑着接受了他，说：“好吧！”
| |
左右以 君贱之也，食(sì)以草具。
|
孟尝君身边的随从认为孟尝君看不起冯谖，便拿 粗劣的饭菜给他吃。
| |
赏析评点：这段记冯谖经人介绍，作了孟尝君的食客。文章起笔简介本篇主要人物的
家境、身份。“贫乏”二字，为后文弹铗而歌张本。
一“笑”一“诺”，描摩传神，勉强“受之”，可见孟尝君鄙薄轻蔑之情。
| ||
孟尝君笑曰：“客果有能也，
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孟尝君笑着说：“这客人果然有才能啊，
| |
吾负之，未尝见也。”
|
我我对不起他，以前不曾接见他。”
| |
请而见之，谢 曰：
|
于是便特意把冯谖请来接见他，向冯谖谢罪说：
| |
“文 倦于事，愦于忧，
|
“我 被琐事搞得疲劳，被忧患弄得心意昏乱，
| |
而性懧愚，沉于国 家之事，
|
而我天性懦弱愚笨，埋头 在国事 和家事 之中，
| |
开罪于先生。
|
得罪了先生。
| |
先生不羞， 不羞：不以为羞
|
先生不因为我怠慢您而感到羞辱，
| |
乃 有意欲 为收责于薛 乎？”
|
愿意 替（我）去薛邑收债，是吗？
| |
冯谖曰：“愿之。”
|
冯谖说：“我愿意 去收债。”
| |
于是约车治装， 装：行装
|
于是（他）准备车马，收拾行李，
| |
载券契 而行，辞曰：
|
载着借契 出发，告辞的时候问（孟尝君）：
| |
“责毕收，以 何 市而反？”
|
“债款收齐后，用（它）买些什么东西回来？”
| |
孟尝君曰：“视吾家所寡有者。”
|
孟尝君说：“（你）看我家里缺少什么东西，就买这些东西回来。”
| |
孟尝君予 五十乘 ，金五百斤，
|
孟尝君给（冯谖）五十辆车，五百斤黄金，
|
西游于梁，谓梁王/惠王曰：
|
往西到魏国的都城大梁去游说，冯谖对梁王说：
|
“齐 放 其大臣孟尝君于诸侯，
|
“齐国把它的大臣孟尝君 放逐 到诸侯国来，
|
（诸侯）先迎之者，富而兵强。”
|
诸侯国中首先迎接孟尝君的国君，就会国家富足，兵力强大。”
|
于是，梁王虚 上位，
|
由于这个原因，梁王把相位空出来，
|
以故相为上将军，遣使者，
|
让原来的宰相担任上将军，派遣使者，
|
黄金千斤，车百乘，
|
带着一千斤黄金，一百辆车，
|
往聘孟尝君。
|
前去聘请孟尝君。
|
冯谖先驱 诫孟尝君曰：
|
冯谖抢先赶车回齐国 提醒孟尝君说：
|
“千金，重币也；
|
“一千斤黄金，是很厚重的聘礼；
|
百乘，显使也。
|
出动一百辆车来迎接您，是把您当作显贵的大臣。
|
齐 其 闻 之矣。”
|
齐国大概也会听说 梁王重金礼聘孟尝君这件事了。”
|
梁使三反，孟尝君固辞不往也。
|
梁国的使者往返来请了多次，孟尝君坚决推辞不去梁国。
|
4.第四课《鸿门宴》：樊哙、张良、范增
于 是张良至军门 见樊哙。
|
在 这危急的时刻，张良到军营门外 去找樊哙。
|
樊哙曰：“今日之事 何如？”
|
樊哙问：“今天的情况 怎么样？”
|
良曰：“甚急！
|
张良说：“非常危急！
|
今者项庄拔剑舞，
|
现在项庄拔剑起舞，
|
其意常 在沛公也。”
|
他的用意 一直 在沛公（身上）啊！/
|
哙曰：“此迫矣！臣请入，
|
樊哙说：“这太紧迫了！请让我进去，
|
与之同命。”
|
跟沛公同生共死。”
|
哙即带剑拥盾入军门。
|
樊哙就/立刻带着剑拿着盾牌闯入军营大门。
|
交戟之卫士欲止不 内。
|
交叉着长戟把守着营门的卫士想要阻止不让他进去。
|
樊哙侧其盾以撞，卫士仆地，
|
樊哙 斜着他的盾牌一撞，卫兵（便）跌倒在地，
|
哙遂入，披帷 西向 立，
|
樊哙于是闯了进去，揭开帷幕，面向西方 站定，
|
瞋目 视项王，头发上指，
|
睁大眼睛 看着项王，头发（好像都）竖立起来，
|
目眦 尽裂。
|
整个 眼眶（好像） 都要裂开了。
|
项王按剑而跽曰：
|
项王握着剑，跪直身子/挺直上身跪着，问道：
|
“客何为者？”张良曰:
|
“这位客人是干什么的？”张良回答：
|
“沛公之参/骖 乘樊哙者也。”
|
“他是沛公的侍卫樊哙。”
|
项王曰：“壮士！赐之卮酒。”
|
项王说：“好一位壮士！赏给 他一杯酒。”
|
则 与 斗卮酒。
|
（左右）就 递给 （他）一大杯酒。
|
哙拜谢，起，立而饮 之。
|
樊哙下拜称谢，（然后）起身，站着把酒 喝了。
|
项王曰：“赐之彘肩。”
|
项王说：“赏给他一条猪前腿。”
|
则 与一 生彘肩。
|
（左右）就 给他一条未煮熟的猪前腿。
|
樊哙覆 其盾于地，
|
樊哙把自己的盾牌 反扣 在地上，
|
加 彘肩上，
|
把猪前腿 放 在盾牌上面，
|
拔剑切而啖 之。
|
拔出剑，切猪前腿 吃。
|
项王曰：“壮士！能复饮乎？”
|
项王说：“壮士！能 再 喝酒吗？”
|
樊哙曰：“臣 死 且 不避，
|
樊哙说：“我对死 尚且 不回避，
|
卮酒安 足辞！
|
一杯酒哪里 值得（我）推辞！
|
夫秦王有虎狼之心，
|
秦王有虎狼（一般狠毒）的心肠,
|
杀人如不能 举，
|
杀人像不能够 杀尽 似的，
|
刑人如恐 不胜，天下皆叛之。
|
对人用刑好像怕不能 用尽酷刑似的，所以天下人都背叛他。
|
怀王与诸将约曰：
|
楚怀王曾经和各路将军约定说：
|
‘先破秦入咸阳者王之。’
|
‘最先打败秦军进入咸阳的人就封他做关中王。’
|
今 沛公先破秦入咸阳，
|
现在 沛公首先打败了秦军进入咸阳，
|
毫毛不敢有所近，
|
不敢接触/沾染一丝一毫的（财物），
|
封闭宫室，还 军霸上，
|
查封关闭了宫室，军队撤退 到灞上，
|
以待大王来。
|
等待大王的到来。
|
故 遣将守关者，
|
特意 派遣将领把守函谷关的原因，
|
备他盗出入与非常也。
|
是为了防备其他盗贼进来和意外事故的发生。
|
劳苦而功 高 如此，
|
像沛公这样，出了很多力，吃了很多苦，立下了大的功劳，
|
未有封侯之赏，而听 细说，
|
大王没有给他封侯的奖赏，反而听信小人的谗言，
|
欲 诛 有功之人。
|
想 杀害 有功劳的人。
|
此亡秦之续耳，
|
这是继续走秦朝灭亡的老路罢了，
|
窃为大王不取也！”
|
我私下认为大王不该采取（这种做法）呀！”
|
项王未有以应，曰：“坐。”
|
项王一时无话可答，只好说：“坐吧。”
|
樊哙从良坐。
|
（于是）樊哙就在张良旁边坐下来。
|
5.练习：分析、评价张良和范增：用以下关键词书写成文
张良：有勇有谋1 忠心，不离不弃2帮他拉拢项伯3在鸿门宴招来樊哙帮忙4让刘邦逃走，自己留下来谢罪5
范增：观察云气1劝项羽攻打刘邦2见项羽心慈手软便叫项庄舞剑3预测将会成为俘虏4刘邦逃脱生气却无补于事5
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
6.第六课《答刘正夫书》
夫 百物 朝夕所见者，
|
每天从早到晚看得见的 各种东西，
|
人皆不注 视 也，
|
人们都不会留心/专注地去 看，
|
及 睹 其 异者，
|
等到 看见 了那些 不寻常的东西，
|
则 共 观而言之。
|
就 一起 观赏并议论它。
|
夫文 岂 异于是 乎？
|
写文章 难道 跟这 不一样吗？
|
汉朝人莫不能为文，
|
汉朝人没有不会写文章的，
|
独司马相如、太史公、刘向、扬雄 为 之最。
|
唯独 司马相如、太史公、刘向、扬雄的文章写 得最好。
|
然则用功深者，
|
既然这样/那么，功夫下得深厚的人，
|
其收名也远。
|
他们得到的名声也传得久远。
|
若 皆与世沉浮，不自 树立，
|
如果 都跟随世俗随波逐流，不能自我建立一种独特的文章风格，
|
虽 不为当时所怪，
|
即使 不被当时的人们责怪，
|
亦 必 无 后世之传也。
|
也 必定 不会流传到后世。
|
若 皆与世沉浮，不自 树立，
|
如果 都跟随世俗随波逐流，不能自我建立一种独特的文章风格，
|
虽 不为当时所怪，
|
即使 不被当时的人们责怪，
|
亦 必 无 后世之传也。
|
也 必定 不会流传到后世。
|
足下家中百物，皆赖而用也；
|
您家里的各种东西，都是日常需要而且有用处的；
|
然 其 所珍 爱者，必非常物。
|
但是那些您所珍惜 喜爱的，必定不是寻常的东西。
|
夫君子之 于 文，
|
有品德及才干的人对于 写文章，
|
岂 异 于是 乎？
|
难道 跟这 不一样吗？
|
今 后进之 为 文，
|
现在 的年轻人 写 文章，
|
能深探而力取 之，
|
能够深入探索，努力汲取 文章的精髓，
|
以古圣贤人 为 法者，
|
把古代圣人贤人 作为 学习的榜样，
|
虽未必 皆 是；
|
虽然 不一定 （人人）都做得 恰当，
|
要若 有 司马相如、太史公、刘向、扬雄 之徒 出，
|
如果 出现像司马相如、太史公、刘向、扬雄 这一类的人物，
|
必自 于此，
|
必定是 出自 在这样做的人里面，
|
不自于循 常之徒也。
|
不会是出自于那些因循守旧/墨守成规的人中。
|
若圣人之道，不用文则 已，
|
如果圣人的道理，不需用文章来阐明就 罢了，
|
用则必 尚 其 能者。
|
（如果）需用文章来阐明道理，就必定重视 他的写作能力。
|
能者非他，能 自 树立，
|
这种写作能力不是指别的，而是指能够提出 自己的 独到见解，
|
不因循者是也。
|
不墨守旧法的能力啊！
|
有文字来，谁不为文？
|
自从有文字以来，谁不写文章呢？
|
然 其 存于今者，
|
但是 那些 保存流传到现在的文章，
|
必其 能者也。
|
必定是那些 能够提出独到见解的人写的。
|
顾常 以 此为说 耳。
|
我只是常常 把 这个写作的道理告诉别人 罢了！
|
7.第八课《三戒》**翻译或问答：序
吾恒恶世之人，
|
我常常厌恶世上的（有些）人，
|
不知推己之本，
|
不知道推求/审察自己的实际能力，
|
而 乘 物 以 逞，
|
却依靠 外物 来 逞强，
|
或 依势 以 干 非 其 类，
|
或者 依仗势力 来 冒犯 与他 不是同类的人，
|
出 技 以 怒 强，
|
使出 本事 来 激怒 强大的对手，
|
窃 时 以肆暴，
|
趁机 放肆地做坏事，
|
然 卒 迨于祸。
|
但 终于 遭到灾祸。
|
有客谈麋、驴、鼠三物，
|
有客人（和我）谈到麋、驴、鼠三种动物，
|
似 其事，作《三戒》。
|
（我觉得有些人）和它们的情况 相像，（所以）写了（这篇）《三戒》。
|
8.练习：《三戒》作者柳宗元写序的作用：文章纲领1，点出主题2，说明写作动机3，不知推己之本呼应情况4， 临江之麋忘记自己是麋鹿5，被野狗吃掉6， 黔之驴凭小本领惹怒强敌7， 被老虎吃掉8，永某氏之鼠趁屋主纵容而胡作非为9，被新屋主消灭10.
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
9.第十三课《闲情记趣》：专注在童年趣事中的神游山林和观二虫相斗
于 土墙凹凸 处，
|
我又常 在 土墙凹凸不平的地方，
|
花台小草丛杂处，
|
花台旁小草丛生的地方，
|
常蹲 其 身，使与台齐；
|
常常蹲下自己的身体，让身体和花台一样高，
|
定神细视，
|
聚精会神地仔细观察，
|
以丛草为林，
|
把草丛看作是 / 当作是 树林，
|
以虫蚁为兽，
|
把小虫和蚂蚁看作是野兽，
|
以 土砾 凸者为丘，
|
把凸起的 碎石 看作是山丘，
|
凹者为壑，
|
凹陷的地方当作是山谷，
|
神游 其 中，
|
（我便） 想象在 这些微观景物 里面 游历，
|
怡然自得。
|
心情愉快，自己觉得很开心。
|
一日，见二虫斗草间，
|
有一天，（我）看见有两只小虫在草里相斗，
|
观 之 正浓，
|
正在兴致浓厚地看着 这一场相斗 时，
|
忽有庞然大物，拔山倒树而来，
|
忽然有一个体型大而笨重的东西，像把山拔起、推倒树木似的走过来，
|
盖 一癞虾蟆也，
|
原来 是一只癞虾蟆，
|
舌一吐而 二虫尽为所吞。
|
它的舌头一伸，两个小虫 就 全被它吞进肚去。
|
余 年幼，方出神，
|
我 年纪小，正专心地看（那两只小虫），
|
不觉 呀然惊恐。神定，捉虾蟆，
|
不禁 吃惊地叫了起来。定了定神，捉住这只癞虾蟆，
|
鞭 数 十，驱 之 别院。……
|
鞭打了 几 十下，把 它 赶 去别的院子。
|
第一部分《文选》文言文问答会有3或4题，白话文问答会有2或3题。考生必须以完整的句子来作答，并对要点做出简明阐述。如果不会回答高思维题目，就跟着文章的内容情节来写。
SPM2016：根据五娘侍奉公婆的情况和态度，写出她的四个优点，并加以分析。参考答案：
开头
|
阐述
|
分数
|
背景
|
连年灾荒、丈夫不归、公婆年迈、典当殆尽
|
2
|
善良
|
公婆发现五娘吃糠后，五娘为了安慰他们而引经据典、断章取义、乱打标点来辩护吃糠无妨。
|
2
|
自我牺牲
|
典卖首饰衣裳以买米充饥，导致全身衣衫破旧
|
2
|
无私
|
无私、无怨、无悔地守候丈夫、侍奉公婆，打算卖身救公婆，又怕公婆无人侍候
|
2
|
高尚品质
|
默默承受吃糠及被公婆误解的痛苦。
|
2
|
10. 《琵琶记·五娘吃糠》作者如何用糠和米设喻表现赵五娘和丈夫的状况？页258
糠和米设喻巧妙。（1）谷被舂碾成糠和米之前，紧紧相依（1），就如赵五娘和丈夫婚后一样亲密。（1）谷被分成糠和米是由于遭受外力压挤的结果，（1）五娘夫妇的分离也是外力压迫（1），即“三不从”：欲在家养亲，父不从、不愿成婚，牛丞相不从、欲归乡，朝廷不从。（额外知识，不在课本内）糠和米分开后，米贵糠贱（1），犹如五娘饥寒劳碌，丈夫却享尽富贵。（1）封建社会的妇女是底层人士，靠男人支撑门户（1），但饥寒荒年间，只有五娘一人支撑全家，（1），正如她以糠充饥一样（1）。
11. 赵五娘如何为吃糠辩护？《友联文选》页258试题范例第2题
第一：对古圣贤书采用断章取义（1）、乱打标点（1）的手法，说明可以吃糠。《孟子·梁惠王》有“狗彘食人食而不知检”（1）原意谓：国王养猪狗，让它吃人的粮食，这样浪费而国王不知捡改（1），赵五娘用此断章取义，意谓：原是狗彘吃的东西，拿来给人吃。（1）原文的标点是“狗彘，食人食”，她乱标成“狗彘食，人食”。（1）第二：引用历史典故，啮雪吞毡，苏卿犹在，（1）说明吃糠也无妨。（1）第三：通过“糟糠之妻”望文生义（1）的解释，说明自己命中该吃糠（1）
12.第十二课《赵子龙长坂坡救幼主》试简述赵子龙救阿斗的来龙去脉。
曹操引五十万大军来攻打刘备，刘备战到天明才摆脱曹军（1）护卫刘备家小的赵子龙与糜夫人母子走散了（1），集合三十骑，杀回乱军中寻找，终于在断墙后的古井旁找到糜夫人母子（1）。糜夫人把阿斗交托于赵子龙后跳井身亡（1）。赵子龙含泪推倒土墙掩盖枯井，抱着阿斗往外冲。曹将晏明杀来，不三回合就被杀死（1）。又碰张郃，战十余回合后，赵子龙夺路而走，连人带马落入陷阱（1）。张郃挺枪来刺，赵子龙平空跳出陷阱，吓得张郃一个劲后退（1）。在山上观战的曹操见威武勇猛的赵子龙势不可挡，传令要活捉（1）。赵子龙冲出包围，连杀五十名曹将（1），把阿斗交给了刘备（1）。
**唐诗宋词只会出其中一个，不会出在翻译的部分。**
唐诗：
|
宋词：
|
往年诗词题目都问
“如何”，
出题的选择多而广，也不好预测，
尽力而为
|
*咏蝉
|
*望海潮
| |
*把酒问月
|
*兰陵王·柳
| |
*望岳
|
*如梦令·常记溪亭日暮
| |
*如梦令·昨夜雨疏风骤
| ||
*菩萨蛮·书江西造口壁
|
13.作者如何通过《兰陵王》抒写伤离别恨之情及身世飘零的感叹。
词人托柳起兴，看见别人的回归触动了自己的乡情，厌倦京城的凄惘和忧愁有谁能理解？（1）。接着他写“长亭路，年去岁来，应折柔条过千尺”，（1）设想在长亭路上送别时折断的柳条恐怕要超过千尺了。（1）表面上是爱惜柳树（1），深层的涵义却是感叹人间离别的频繁（1）。“津堠岑寂，斜阳冉冉春无极”（1），渡口冷冷清清，景物与词人的心情吻合（1），春色一望无边，空阔的背景衬托出词人的孤单（1）。他想起“念月榭携手，露桥闻笛。沉思前事，似梦里，泪暗滴”（1），心事无人理解，也不愿让人知道，只好暗自悲伤（1）。
14.骆宾王虽品行高洁却陷身囹圄（监狱）。他如何通过咏蝉寄托郁愤？试以原诗为例， 加以阐述之。
·西陆蝉声唱⑺，南冠客思深⑻。首两句用起兴手法（1）以秋蝉的鸣声勾起狱中诗人思乡的愁绪。（1）·不堪玄鬓影⑼，来对白头吟⑽。蝉的鸣声凄清和自己不堪忍受的凄恻之情，将蝉和自己联系在一起（1）。蝉的“玄鬓”和诗人的“白头”对比鲜明，触动诗人对老大无成的悲叹（1）。诗人用“白头吟”的典故来表明自己对朝廷一片忠心却被捕入狱的悲愤（1）·露重飞难进⑾，风多响易沉⑿。蝉本来可凭双翼振翅奋飞，由于秋天露水太重打湿了双翼难以前进（1）；蝉本来可凭身居树巅使鸣声远扬，却由于风太大被淹没了声音。（1）“露重”、“风多”比喻政治环境险恶，/“飞难进”比喻行动受限制，“响易沉”比喻言论受限制（1）这两句表面上是写蝉的困境，实际上是写诗人有冤难伸、遭谗言入狱的悲愤心情。(1)·无人信高洁⒀，谁为表予心⒁ 蝉的高洁无人相信就像诗人不被了解，无人替他申诉冤屈的郁郁不平（1）
15. 李白如何通过《把酒问月》探求人生哲理及其对宇宙充满遐想。
人生有限，宇宙无穷（1），人类在亘古自然面前，实在渺小、在永无止境的洪流不足一道（1）今月古月实为一个，人则不断消逝（1）。“今人不见古时月”，古人又何尝见到今时之月（1），今月曾经照古人，古月依然朗照今人（1）。回环往复，兼有互文之妙（1）古人今人如流水般逝去，见到的明月却亘古常新（1）。把人生有限，明月常新渲染得淋漓尽致（1）。
宇宙不朽，日月运行不息（1），人世短暂，朝夕往来（1）牵动着一代代人的沉思，徒惹愁绪（1）。
16. 你如何诠释《望岳》中每一个“望”的意思。
“岱宗夫如何，齐鲁青未了”：生动地道出泰山连绵高大，青翠一望无际（1），是远望之景（1）。“造化钟神秀，阴阳割昏晓”：是说泰山秀美，高耸挺拔，（1）是近望之势（1）“荡胸生层云，决眦入归鸟”：描写山腰腾云而起，表现山腹之深，（1）是近看之景（1）。“会当凌绝顶，一览众山小”：是想象中的登山之情（1），是作者由望景而产生登临的愿望（1）。作者想象登上绝顶后放眼四望，其他的山在泰山面前显得低小（1），以此衬托泰山的高大（1）。
17.《如梦令·常记溪亭日暮》如何勾勒动人的画面？
作者以小令的方式描绘一群无忧无虑、活泼好玩的少女在夕阳西斜的傍晚，（1）相约于小湖边的小亭里，喝酒行令，嬉笑玩闹（1）、畅所欲言、吟诗作赋（1）。不知不觉中，她们每个都满脸红霞飞舞（1），醉眼朦胧中不知归路，（1）却还游兴未尽（1），驾着小舟互相比拼追逐，（1）将一叶叶小舟驶进晚风中飘摇着的藕花中，（1）却一不小心惊起一滩鸥鹭，（1）展翅飞向渐黑的夜幕。（1）
18.《如梦令·昨夜雨疏风骤》如何反映词人的复杂心理？
首先，诗人叙明夜晚酒醉，浓睡残醒，昨夜的心情仍搁在心上，一起身便急着问卷帘的侍女关于海棠花的情况。侍女笑着说海棠花一点都没变。“知否？知否？应是綠肥紅瘦”是词人告诉侍女海棠花已经是红的见少，绿的见多了。侍女的回答不对，词人道出无情的事实：花儿经不起风雨之摧残，流露出对岁月流逝，青春年华不再而感叹。侍女却毫无察觉主人委曲的心事，对窗外的变化无动于衷。词人早已知道经过风雨，海棠花必然落红满径，但也不忍亲眼目睹，心情复杂。
19.辛弃疾《菩萨蛮》：如何表达作者的爱国之情？
诗人从郁孤台---“望阙，想到宋朝的古都开封，又想到北方无数山河被敌人占领。东流的江水，重迭的山不能遮断他的去路，借此比喻自己百折不回的爱国壮志，抗金的正义事业必将取得胜利。鹧鸪的啼声，好像是说“行不得也哥哥”，使他想到恢复之业，困难重重，身不由己的矛盾，引起无限忧愁。诗人借山水，抒发内心感受，壮志难酬的悲愤。全词抒写对朝廷苟安江南的不满和自己一筹莫展的愁闷。
20.在观看事物时，主观的成分居多。何以见得？朱光潜《我们对于古松的三种态度》
一切事物都有几种看法。（1）比如园里那一棵古松，无论是你是我或是任何一人看到它，都说它是古松。（1）但是你从正面看，我从侧面看（1），你以幼年人的心境去看，我以中年人的心境去看，（1）这些情景和性格的差异（1）都能影响到所看到的古松的面目。（1）古松虽只是一件事物，你所看到的和我所看到的古松却是两件事物。（1）假如你和我各把所得的古松的印象画成一幅画或写成一首诗，（1）尽管两个人的艺术手腕不分上下，你的诗和画与我的诗和画相比较，却有许多重要的异点。（1）这就因为知觉不完全是客观，所以各人见到的物的形象都带有几分主观的色彩。（1）
21.《常读常新的人鱼公主》的主题思想
她对书的内容的理解是受年龄、身份环境、阅历、动机的影响。（2）对书的领悟不是一次性的（1），高价值的书需要反复地读（1），《人鱼公主》是寻找灵魂的故事（1），安徒生是借鱼写人（1），为了寻找灵魂，人鱼公主抛弃海底的瑰丽丰饶的物质生活（1），离开亲人（1），尽管旅途漫漫，肉体和精神受尽煎熬（1），但她顽强、坚定、永不放弃，正是一种精神的体现。（1）
22. 作者以爱因斯坦和劳伦斯为例说明了什么观念？《钓胜于鱼》
页277爱因斯坦：举世闻名1，却要求和物理系刚毕业的学生一样的5千薪俸1， 醉心追求知识1， 心志放在研究1， 无法再生名利观念1
劳伦斯：刚发明原子冲击器时1，有人说若申请专利，比瓦特更发财1， 他笑说有申请的功夫，还不如多冲击几种原子1，面对厚禄巨利1，也觉谈如云烟1.
第二部分小说问答：
21. 试阐述《孔乙己》里“我”的形象及其对孔乙己的态度。
“我”只是酒店小伙计（1），由于生活在冷漠的社会（1），所以变得和周遭的人一样抱着明哲保身的态度（1），对一切都显得疏离（1）。“我”对孔乙己抱着轻视的态度（1），认为他是一个“讨饭的”（1），他唯一的作用就是为沉闷的生活带来一些笑声（1）。所以当孔乙己恳切地要教“我”写字时（1），“我”态度十分不屑（1），认为孔乙己不配教他。（1）
练习：写出小伙计和孔乙己的互动
2. 《哑了的三角琴》展现了三种矛盾。试论述之。
情与理（1）：善良（1），失去理智、冲动，导致悲剧，感情与理智不能兼容（1）理想与现实（1）：热爱音乐，追求自由幸福，（1）失去自由，唱歌权利被夺（1）反抗与顺从（1）：杀人不上诉减刑，自愿受罚，（1）为了三角琴怒吼，又放弃抵抗（1）形象生动（1）
如果只问其中一个矛盾，就要深入地举例说明：
拉狄焦夫是个善良却冲动的人。试举例详述。
练习：作者和父母都是善良的人。试举例阐述之：以完整的句子口头复述
母亲活泼好动，到监狱采集民歌，对犯人不曾厌弃鄙视，反而温言柔语，耐心，持之以恒，被拉狄焦夫的歌声和故事感动，向典狱求情，替拉狄焦夫难过，给他钱，对拉狄焦夫的承诺念念不忘，一直保存三角琴， 遗憾。
父亲对孩子很慈爱，没有责怪孩子打碎三角琴。作者虽然顽皮，因好奇打碎三角琴，但当父亲叙述与母亲的回忆，还有拉狄焦夫的故事时，他也禁不住泪水，安慰父亲。
3. 试简述《痴女阿莲》的主题思想。
《痴女阿莲》主要表现阿莲在马盖瀑布村所承受的痛苦经验（1），以及从无知到终于有所自觉的心理历程（1）。她虽然有了追寻自由与希望的觉悟（1），尤其是自阿炳的出现，但她的新世界却仍旧被旧世界的阴影笼罩（1）。这包括母亲的不谅解（1）、弟弟的嫌恶（1）、还有乡里人的欺压和嘲讽（1）。按民风保守的乡下，没有人会将女儿留到二十五六岁还不许配给人（1）。白莲母亲为了她的婚事白了头，她却自得其乐地活在自己的天地中（1）。她也曾想象自己结婚怀孕生子，但幻想终究没成真，她始终是大家眼里的痴女阿莲（1）。
4.试简述杂货铺子的阿生婆如何对待阿莲。
答案：页50-52
阿莲的母亲给她五元钞票，吩咐她到杂货铺子买一斤咖啡和两斤白糖。（1）她走到杂货店外，看见店外停了一辆私家车，想摸一摸，（1）阿生婆看见了便毫不客气地喝止她，怕她手脚不干净。（1）村里只有这一家杂货店，所以阿生婆总是一副瞧不起人的脸色对待阿莲。（1）阿生婆在秤糖时一直回头望阿莲，怕她偷糖果吃。（1）阿生婆拿了阿莲的五元并未找零钱给她，（1）阿莲向她要回零钱，她还悄悄地骂了一句白痴莲，（1）悻悻然地找回三毛五，少找了钱给她。（1）阿生婆还向阿莲炫耀女儿阿娥即将嫁人，（1）更幸灾乐祸地表示阿莲二十八岁还未嫁很可怜。（1）
5.试描述阿莲母亲的形象。
答案：页110阿莲母亲是一个固持华人传统的妇女。（1）在民风保守的马盖瀑布村，没有人将自己的女儿留到二十五六岁还不许配给人家（1），所以阿莲母亲无时无刻对阿莲的婚事感到操心 ，(1 )一心一意要为她找个对象嫁出去（1）。当白定带两个朋友回家吃饭时，阿莲母亲看到阿炳老实可靠，不断设法撮合他们，(1)还特意让她打扮，送咖啡到瀑布给他们。(1) 页30-31阿莲的母亲是个重男轻女的传统妇女（1）。小儿子白定在杂货批发行做买卖，每次回家还要向母亲伸手要钱，母亲便把二儿子白杨给的家用全都给了白定。（1）她认为大男人家在外头没个头寸未免太不是话了，（1）赔这点儿不碍眼的钱总比长久地养一个丢人现眼的阿莲划算。（1） 或页112阿莲爱学着孕妇走路，母亲看不过眼，用鸡掸子猛抽她的肚皮，(1)她向老天爷申诉娘要打掉她的孩子让母亲以为她真的怀孕了（1），经检查后发现只是肚皮肥胖，阿莲仍一本正经地说要为白家填个白胖的男孙，（1）让母亲对其固执与不懂事白了头发。（1）
6. 《卖白菜》通过作者的童年刻画了当时社会的冷漠。试举例阐述之。（主题思想）
全篇以小白菜为线索（1），让读者看到在穷苦之中，人所表现的“情”，即“我”对小白菜、母亲和来买菜的挑剔老太太（1）。尽管作者尝尽人间的冷暖（1），但所有的“情”都是真挚朴实的（1）。小白菜在“我”和母亲的精心侍弄下长大，不容得老太太撕下保护着白菜的干枯菜帮子（1）。其实双方都是穷苦人，各人都艰难地为自己的生命奋斗，所以也无所谓好人坏人之分（1）。作者渴望在新年吃上白菜饺子的盼望成了泡影（1），又因多算老太太的一毛钱而导致白菜未能卖出（1）。因此，这篇小说述说了一个恒古不变的道理（1），人虽然处于贫困的境地，但却不能因此丧失了比金钱更重要的诚信（1）。
第三部分戏剧问答：
1. 杨梦痴虽靠祖宗财产虚度一生，试论述之。页124
杨梦痴仗着父亲有钱，养成无所事事、好逸恶劳的恶习，还花光太太的私房钱（1），导致一家陷入经济困境（1）。他付出很大的代价，妻子和大儿子都离弃他（1），只有小儿子始终孝顺他（1）。他坚持不用卖憩园的一分钱（1）。他被迫住在大仙祠，沦为乞丐（1）。他因偷面包被别人到得半死（1）。黎先生等人要帮他，他却坚持要吃自己种下的苦果（1），但他又因偷窃入狱（1），被狱卒毒打而死（1）。
2. 杨三太太是个旧思想的女性。试写出你的评价。页126
杨三太太是杨老三的发妻（1），是一个典型的旧社会妇女，形象鲜明（1）。由于生活在旧时代、旧社会，她在家从父、出嫁从夫，（1）不曾反抗自己坎坷的命运（1）。她事事苟且，对任何事物总抱着消极的态度去处理（1）她制止不了丈夫把财产花光（1），甚至连自己的私房钱也轻易奉献（1）。她知道丈夫在外面养姨太太，除了骂哭也想不出妥善的方法（1）。她对丈夫的苟且与姑息，造成丈夫无赖的习性（1）。她接受“三从四德”，就算这些思想没有改善她的生活，她也没反抗（1）。
3. 姚小虎是典型的“二世祖”。试举例阐述之。页124
姚小虎有有钱有势的外婆撑腰（1），所以连父亲也不太敢管教他（1）。他对读书漠不关心，14岁还念4年级（1）。外婆常接他去住，养成赌博、看戏、闹事等恶习（1）。外婆还灌输对后母不正确的观念（1），所以他对后母万昭华没有一点敬意，只有要钱时才稍微热情（1）。他在外婆家得到人们的奉承（1），对下人态度跋扈，发脾气，满口粗话（1）。只有面对性子暴烈的赵青云，欺软怕硬的他才退却下来（1）。这都是外婆和父亲宠溺和纵容的结果（1）。
4. 《憩园》里有许多凭财富作威作福的人。试举例申述之。
答案：页118赵家上下，尤其是赵老太太，以及小虎便是这方面的代表人物。(1)赵老太太的财势可以从姚家的帮工老文和黎先生的对话中窥见端倪。（1）剧中老文说：“虎少爷外婆家姓赵，是这里有名的大财主！……我们虎少爷怎么肯跟杨少爷（杨寒儿）一块玩？(1)他顶势力了，从来没有正眼看过我们，从来不肯好好地跟我们讲一句话。(1)他只知道和他的表兄表弟玩，因为他们比老爷更有钱！”（1）姚家有祖上留下的一千多亩稻田，已是一方的富豪，而赵家比姚家还更有钱，所以姚国栋对岳母唯命是从（1），就算他知道小虎到赵家尽是赌钱、看戏、摆阔（1）。因为赵老太太的宠溺和姚国栋的放纵，（1）养成小虎“二世祖”的性格，（1）轻视地位比他卑贱的人，最后还造成了小虎被溺死的悲剧。（1）作者借着小虎和赵老太太来表示对凭恃财富作威作福的人的深恨痛绝。
5. 姚家仆人赵青云是个怎样的年轻人？试举例说明之。答案:页129
赵青云对主人姚国栋还是很尊重，也忠于职守（1），管理花园严厉尽责，不喜欢别人跑进花园里。（1）由于姚国栋曾经吩咐不要放杨寒儿进公馆来，怕他把小虎教坏，（1）所以赵青云一碰到杨寒儿溜进花园折花，便要和他吵嘴，嚷着要把他赶走。(1) 赵青云年轻气盛，脾气火爆，（1）对于跋扈的姚小虎，他并没有低头服顺。（1）他敢和小虎以粗口相骂，（1）所以欺软怕硬的小虎也奈何不了他。（1）无论如何，他本性淳厚，（1）尽管讨厌小虎，得知小虎发生意外时，难免紧张起来，满头大汗，声音颤抖地把坏消息转告主人。（1）
6. “我要重新改变我的看法，我要好好的利用我的时间去多写一些东西”
这句话是谁对谁说的？说话的人想法有何变化？为什么他会改变想法？
这是黎先生（1）对万昭华说的。（1）黎先生有时会认为自己的著作、计划都是一种浪费,(1)因为他的作品只是反复对人述说悲惨的故事，(1)让善良的人读了受苦，让热诚的人读了失去热忱，给不幸的人增添不幸。（1）现在，他的想法改变了，他要发散一点点热力，减少人世的饥寒，（1）用作品去揩干每一只流泪的眼睛，给人们欢笑。（1）万昭华认为作家都悲天悯人，看事情比平常人深，能发掘人心，（1）可以给人间温暖、添欢笑（1）.她的话让黎先生十分惭愧，给了他激励和改变的力量。（1）
7.页131 为什么姚国栋没有像杨梦痴一样染上诸般恶习？
杨梦痴：从小接受旧式教育，过着荒唐生活，（1）爱挥霍，坐吃山空，不事生产（1）姚国栋受的是新式教育（1），接受新思想和价值观（1），姚国栋太太贤惠淑德（1），姚国栋深爱妻子（1），不会做出伤害她的事（1）因溺爱小虎导致悲剧发生，但万昭华已怀孕，也算弥补了遗憾（1）杨梦痴风流自赏，花光太太的私房钱，包养姨太太，妻子大儿子离弃（1）花光财产，、大仙祠、乞丐、偷面包被打，偷窃被捕入牢，被狱卒打死（1）
8.姚小虎凭恃财富作威作福，却是悲剧人物。试举例说明。
姚家一千多亩稻田，一方富豪，赵家比姚家更有钱，有名的大财主（1），小虎在赵家的影响下长大（1）只和表兄弟玩，养成种种恶习，对读书漠不关心（1）鄙视地位卑贱的人（1）满口粗话、爱发脾气、态度跋扈（1）姚国栋对岳母唯命是从，知道小虎赌钱、看戏、摆阔，宠溺放纵小虎，不太敢管教他（1）在外婆家得到的都是奉承（1）外婆灌输对后母不正确的观念（1），对后母不敬，只有讨钱是才稍微热情（1）悲剧发生，被河水冲走（1）
9. .“怎么你今天不赶我走，你在玩什么把戏？”
这句话是谁对谁说的？在什么情况下说的？他这样说有何用意？
杨寒儿对姚国栋说（2）下人要把闯进“憩园”的寒儿赶走时，刚巧姚国栋带着黎先生回来。（1）一反常态没赶走寒儿，反而介绍给黎先生（1），说寒儿是“写作好材料”（1），令寒儿感到疑惑（1）。平时，姚国栋怕寒儿带坏小虎，所以吩咐下人一定要赶走寒儿（1），这次姚国栋不但不生气，还微笑说话（1），难怪寒儿会怀疑姚国栋在玩把戏，因为他对姚国栋的敌意未消（1），用仇恨的眼神问姚国栋没有赶走他的原因。（1）
10.黎先生
读书人的谦和，憎恶有钱人，责备姚国栋对丈母娘过于唯命是从，劝他不要过于宠溺小虎，要多关心万昭华，黎先生有时会认为自己的著作、计划都是一种浪费,(1)因为他的作品只是反复对人述说悲惨的故事，(1)让善良的人读了受苦，让热诚的人读了失去热忱，给不幸的人增添不幸。（1）现在，他的想法改变了，他要发散一点点热力，减少人世的饥寒，（1）用作品去揩干每一只流泪的眼睛，给人们欢笑。（1）万昭华认为作家都悲天悯人，看事情比平常人深，能发掘人心，（1）可以给人间温暖、添欢笑（1）.她的话让黎先生十分惭愧，给了他激励和改变的力量。（1）
11.老文（你如何评价？他和姚家关系如何？）
姚家仆人。姚国栋对他很尊重，万昭华更特别看重他，当他是老家人。年纪大，爱说话，对主人忠厚，虽然对赵老太太家有很多不满，黎先生问他时也不敢随便说老爷的亲戚的坏话。他很敬重姚国栋和万昭华，认为姚国栋是好人，待人厚道，万昭华心地和相貌一样，脸上总挂着笑容，能侍候他们是他的福气。老文眼见姚小虎常常欺负下人，对后母不敬，不长进，远远不及杨寒儿，他也看不顺眼和不满，替姚国栋觉得难过。当小虎被大水冲走，但他认为是赵家的报应，天天想害万昭华，结果反倒害了自家外孙。可是他衷心祈求老天能够保佑小虎的性命。
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