SPM Science Note Express Paper1&2

Chapter 2.2 Human Nervous System

1. (a) Central nervous system (CNS) – Brain, Spinal Cord
   (b) Peripheral nervous system (PNS) – Spinal nerves, Cranial nerves

2. PNS is connected to CNS.
    PNS :
(a) Somatic nervous system (SNS) – control voluntary actions (skin, muscles)
(b) Autonomic nervous system (ANS) – control involuntary actions (internal organs) 

3.

Sensory Neurone	Motor Neurone	Relay Neurone
Dendron longer than axon	Has 1 long axon, many short dendrons	Has 1 axon, many short dendrons (from the cell body)*
-	-	Absence of myelin sheath
Transmits impulses from receptors to CNS.	Transmits impulses from CNS to effectors.	Relays impulses from sensory neurone to motor neurone.
Sensory neurone (receptor) (S-R)	Motor neurone (effector) (M-E)	Relay neurone (1 part only) - cell body.

4. Transmission of an impulses in a reflex arc.

Receptor -> Sensory neurone -> Relay neurone -> Motor neurone -> Effector
** Receptor -> S -> R -> M -> Effector

5. Cerebrum- voluntary action, emotions, behavior /
                     increase surface area, rich in blood – to supply oxygen

6. Cerebellum- controls muscular activity and balance

7. Medulla oblongata- involuntary action -heartbeat, respiration, peristalsis

Koleksi Paper 1

1. Similarity between the endocrine system and the nervous system :
- Both have target organs

2. Activity involves proprioceptors :
- Cycling

3. Effect of depressant drugs on body coordination :
- Hardening and scarring of the liver
- Slows down responses towards stimuli

4.

Stimulus	Receptor	Effector
Smell of food	Chemoreceptor	Salivary gland

5. Controls chemical coordination in the human body :
- Endocrine system

6. Knee jerk is an involuntary action.

7. Beauty is not influenced by drugs.

8. When pancreas removed :
- Glucose level in the blood increase.

9. Meiosis – the nucleus divides twice.

10. Man – KK gene (curly hair)
     Woman – kk gene (straight hair)
= their child 100% has curly hair.

11. Phenotype :
- the observable ( dapat dilihat) physical characteristics of an individual.

12. Example of Phenotype and Genotype :
- Phenotype : tall or short.
- Genotype : BB, Bb and bb.

13. The testes of a male produces sperms that have :

- 22 autosome and 1 Y chromosome

14. Research works in MARDI and MPOB have carried out selective breeding to produce new varities of :
- papayas, chillies, paddies, durians and oil palm plants with high qualities.

Example :
Hawaiian Sunrise Solo                           x              Subang 6
( Sweet , orange red small fruits)                       (Big fruits with thick flesh but not sweet)

= Exotica Malaysia ( Sweet, thick flesh, big , orange red fruits) 

Taiwan Maize x Mexican maize = Masmadu maize  ( sweeter)

15. Which of the following is a new variety of selective bredding of papaya done by MARDI?
a. Exotica √ (papaya)  b. Tenera c. Dura  (b and c is for palm oil) d. Mahsuri (d is for paddy)

16. Types of mutation :

Gene mutation	Chromosome mutation
Albinism - having white hair, pinkish skin and eyes.	Down’s syndrome - has an extra chromosome number 21. - short neck, broad forehead,   protruding tongue, short nose,   mental retardation, downward sloping eyes.
Sickle-cell anemia - characterized by sickle-shaped red blood cells.	Klinefelter’s syndrome - has 47 chromosomes i.  has 44+XXY chromosomes  ii.  normal : 44+XY chromosomes (Normal person) - sterile with small testes, mentally retarded - enlarged breasts, wide hips and sparse body hair
Colour-blindness - unable to differentiate colours. (male > female) - only 1 X chromosome (male) - on both X chromosome (female)	Turner’s syndrome - female has only one X chromosome (44+XO) - sterile b’cuz non-functional reproductive organs exp: no ovaries, often age prematurely, short and has thick neck.

17. Importance of variation to species :
- Gives rise to survivorship. / Increase survival.
- Increase diversity.

18. Types of variation :

Continuous variation	Discontinuous variation
Example :
- Height - Weight - Skin colour - Intelligence - Width of shoulder - Length of sole	- Sex/Gender - Blood group - Fingerprints - Ear lobe - Roll tongue
Caused by : - genetic factor, environmental	- genetic factor

19. Electron can move from atom to atom.

20. Types of substances :

Atoms	Molecules	Ions
Example :
Copper, zinc, iron (all metal)	Chlorine and water	Sodium chloride, copper sulphate
Condition at room temperature: Solid except mercury- (which is a liquid)	Solid, liquid, gas	Solid

21.

Physical Change	Chemical Change
-Reversible -No new substances formed	-Not reversible -New substances formed
Example :
- Dissolving salt in water - Crystallisation of copper sulphate from a saturated solution - Magnetising an iron bar - Evaporation of water - Heating of solid iodine	- Burning of paper in air - Rusting/ Corrosion of iron nails - Respiration process - Reaction between acid and alkali ** hydroxide = alkali

22. Chemical  reaction :

i.   Sulphuric acid + magnesium ribbon -> Magnesium sulphate + hydrogen
ii.  Sodium + water -> Sodium hydroxide + hydrogen
iii. Ammonium hydroxide + Sulphuric acid -> Ammonium sulphate

23.

Exothermic reaction	Endothermic reaction
- Released heat	- Absorbed heat
Example :
- Burning of candles - Neutralisation between acid and alkali : sodium + sulphuric -> hydroxide acid sodium + water sulphate	- Decomposition of zinc nitrate :   zinc nitrate -> nitrogen dioxide + oxygen +    zinc oxide - Dissolving ammonium chloride salt :  ammonium chloride + water -> ammonium chloride

24. Reactivity series of metals :

Metals	(↓) reactivity decreases
Potassium Sodium Calcium Magnesium Aluminium	Extraction by electrolysis of molten metal ore
(Carbon)
Zinc Iron Tin Lead	Extraction by heating the metal ore with coke ( or carbon)
Copper Mercury	Extraction by heating the metal ore in air ( or oxygen)
Silver Gold	Occur as free elements in the Earth’s crust

25. Advantage of alkaline battery compared to a dry cell :
- it has a longer lifespan.

26. Word equation for photosynthesis :
- Water + carbon dioxide -------------> glucose + oxygen
                                      light energy,
                                     chlorophy II

27. Radioactive substances is an element with unstable atomic nuclei.

28. Effect of dispersion of light :
- the formation of the rainbow

29. Why does an observer see a blue sky during day-time from the Earth?

- blue light and violet light are most scattered in the atmosphere.

30. Duralumin is the most suitable substance to be used to make the toy helicopter.

31. Ammonia = nitrogen + hydrogen

32. Which microorganism reproduces through spore formation?
- Mould and fern
- Fungi

33. Which of the following diseases is airborne? (udara)=(air)
- Tuberculosis (TB)

34. Size of microorganisms:
- Smallest : viruses
- Biggest  : fungi

35. Bread dough = Lactobacillus.

36. Which of the following solutions is the most suitable to be used for sterilizing laboratory instruments?

- Lysol solution (an example of disinfectant)

37. Vaccination to produce artificial immunity.
      Vaccination is the most effective method to prevent hepatitis B.

38. Lightning is the natural phenomenon that plays an important role in the nitrogen cycle.

39. Effects of thinning of the ozone layer :
- Low yields of crops
- Destruction of phytoplankton
- Lowering of the immunity of humans

40. Example of :
Inorganic compound : Carbon dioxide
Saturated fats : Ghee, Butter, Red meat. (Olive oil not.)

41. Properties of alcohol :
- dissolves in water.
- burns easily in air.

42. Saponification reaction :  Palm oil + Sodium hydroxide -> Soap + glycerol

Alloy

Bronze = Copper + Tin (BRO+CT)
* making art object such as statues, medals, decorative ornaments.

Brass = Copper + Zinc (BRA+CZ)
* making musical instruments and food containers. /decorative items.

Pewter = Tin + Copper + Antimony (P+TCA)
* making household articles, decorative souvenirs such as vases and teapots.

Steel = Iron + Carbon (S+IC)
* for construction materials such as buildings, bridges, bodies of vehicles.

Duralumin = Aluminium + Copper + Magnesium (D+ACM)
* making aircraft bodies, window frames, racing bicycles.

Bronze, Brass, Duralumin (light), Steel - hard, strong, resistant to corrosion
Pewter – soft (shiny+malleable [tahan])
Brass – strong (shiny+malleable [tahan]

Colour

Addition of colours of light * primary colour = R,G,B * secondary colour = Magenta,Yellow,Cyan	Mixing of pigments * primary colour = R,B,Yellow** * secondary colour = Violet, Orange,Green**
Red+Blue = Magenta (RBM)	Red+Blue = Violet (RBU)
Red+Green = Yellow (RGY)	Red+Yellow = Orange (RYU)
Blue+Green = Cyan (BGC)	Blue+Yellow = Green (BYG)

1.  no.of electron = proton 

2. Meiosis =  ovaries, testes (animals) / ovary, anther (plants)

3. Mitosis = somatic cell [body cell] (animals) exp : skin, heart, brain, lungs, …/ root and shoot tips (plants)

4. Hydrophobic = [ ~~~~] (attaches to grease)

5. Hydrophilic =  [○] (attacted to water)

6. Alpha ray = +ve 

7. Beta ray = -ve 

8. Gamma ray = neutral

9. Penetrating power/Speed – Alpha -> Beta -> Gamma 

9. Ionising power – Gamma -> Beta -> Alpha 

10. Alpha stop at paper; Beta stop at copper/aluminium, Gamma stop at lead.

11. Coagulation latex -  (+) formic acid / Sulphur acid  

    
12. Uncoagulate latex  - (+) ammonia solution 

13. Red litmus paper – Acid

14. Blue litmus paper – Alkali (exp : sodium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide)

15. Saprophytic – Died.

16 Parasite – Live